Merge pull request 'Migrate JWT verification from HS256 to JWKS' (#75) from feature/migrate-jwt-verification-to-jwks into develop

Reviewed-on: #75

.beans/nuzlocke-tracker-t9aj--migrate-jwt-verification-from-hs256-shared-secret.md

@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
 ---
 # nuzlocke-tracker-t9aj
 title: Migrate JWT verification from HS256 shared secret to asymmetric keys (JWKS)
-<<<<<<< Updated upstream
-status: todo
-type: task
-priority: low
-created_at: 2026-03-21T11:14:29Z
-updated_at: 2026-03-21T13:01:46Z
----
-
-The backend currently verifies Supabase JWTs using an HS256 shared secret (`SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET`). Supabase recommends migrating to asymmetric keys (RS256) for better security.\n\nInstead of storing a shared secret, the backend would fetch public keys from Supabase's JWKS endpoint (`https://<project>.supabase.co/.well-known/jwks.json`) and verify tokens against those.\n\n## Changes needed\n\n- [ ] Update `backend/src/app/core/auth.py` to fetch and cache JWKS public keys\n- [ ] Change `jwt.decode` from `HS256` to `RS256` with the fetched public key\n- [ ] Remove `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET` from config, docker-compose, deploy workflow, and .env files\n- [ ] Update tests\n\n## References\n\n- https://supabase.com/docs/guides/auth/signing-keys\n- https://supabase.com/docs/guides/auth/jwts
-=======
 status: completed
 type: task
 priority: low
 created_at: 2026-03-21T11:14:29Z
-updated_at: 2026-03-22T08:14:34Z
+updated_at: 2026-03-21T13:01:33Z
 ---
 
 The backend currently verifies Supabase JWTs using an HS256 shared secret (`SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET`). Supabase recommends migrating to asymmetric keys (RS256) for better security.\n\nInstead of storing a shared secret, the backend would fetch public keys from Supabase's JWKS endpoint (`https://<project>.supabase.co/.well-known/jwks.json`) and verify tokens against those.\n\n## Changes needed\n\n- [x] Update `backend/src/app/core/auth.py` to fetch and cache JWKS public keys\n- [x] Change `jwt.decode` from `HS256` to `RS256` with the fetched public key\n- [x] Remove `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET` from config, docker-compose, deploy workflow, and .env files\n- [x] Update tests\n\n## References\n\n- https://supabase.com/docs/guides/auth/signing-keys\n- https://supabase.com/docs/guides/auth/jwts
@@ -23,13 +13,14 @@ The backend currently verifies Supabase JWTs using an HS256 shared secret (`SUPA
 
 ## Summary of Changes
 
-Migrated JWT verification from HS256 shared secret to RS256 asymmetric key verification using JWKS:
+- Added `cryptography==45.0.3` dependency for RS256 support
+- Updated `auth.py` to use `PyJWKClient` for fetching and caching JWKS public keys from `{SUPABASE_URL}/.well-known/jwks.json`
+- Changed JWT verification from HS256 to RS256
+- Removed `supabase_jwt_secret` from config.py
+- Updated docker-compose.yml: removed `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET`, backend now uses JWKS from GoTrue URL
+- Updated docker-compose.prod.yml: replaced `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET` with `SUPABASE_URL`
+- Updated deploy.yml: deploy workflow now writes `SUPABASE_URL` instead of `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET`
+- Updated .env.example files: removed `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET` references
+- Rewrote tests to use RS256 tokens with mocked JWKS client
 
-- **auth.py**: Added `PyJWKClient` that fetches and caches public keys from Supabase's JWKS endpoint (`SUPABASE_URL/.well-known/jwks.json`). Keys are cached for 1 hour.
+**Note:** For production, add `SUPABASE_URL` to your GitHub secrets (should point to your Supabase project URL like `https://your-project.supabase.co`).
-- **config.py**: Removed `supabase_jwt_secret` setting
-- **pyproject.toml**: Changed `PyJWT` to `PyJWT[crypto]` for RS256 support
-- **docker-compose.yml**: Configured local GoTrue for RS256 with mounted dev key
-- **docker-compose.prod.yml**: Replaced `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET` with `SUPABASE_URL`
-- **deploy.yml**: Updated to pass `SUPABASE_URL` instead of `SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET`
-- **tests**: Updated to use mocked JWKS client with RSA key pairs
->>>>>>> Stashed changes

.env.example

@@ -2,15 +2,13 @@
 DEBUG=true
 DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/nuzlocke
 
-# Supabase Auth (backend)
+# Supabase Auth (backend uses JWKS from this URL for JWT verification)
 # For local dev with GoTrue container:
 SUPABASE_URL=http://localhost:9999
 SUPABASE_ANON_KEY=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyb2xlIjoiYW5vbiIsImlzcyI6InN1cGFiYXNlIiwiaWF0IjoxNzc0MDQwNjEzLCJleHAiOjIwODk0MDA2MTN9.EV6tRj7gLqoiT-l2vDFw_67myqRjwpcZTuRb3Xs1nr4
-SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=super-secret-jwt-token-with-at-least-32-characters-long
 # For production, replace with your Supabase cloud values:
 # SUPABASE_URL=https://your-project.supabase.co
 # SUPABASE_ANON_KEY=your-anon-key
-# SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=your-jwt-secret
 
 # Frontend settings (used by Vite)
 VITE_API_URL=http://localhost:8000

.github/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
           # Write .env from secrets (overwrites any existing file)
           printf '%s\n' \
             "POSTGRES_PASSWORD=${{ secrets.POSTGRES_PASSWORD }}" \
-            "SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=${{ secrets.SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET }}" \
+            "SUPABASE_URL=${{ secrets.SUPABASE_URL }}" \
           | $SSH_CMD "cat > '${DEPLOY_DIR}/.env'"
 
           $SCP_CMD docker-compose.prod.yml "root@192.168.1.10:${DEPLOY_DIR}/docker-compose.yml"

backend/.env.example

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ API_V1_PREFIX="/api/v1"
 # Database settings
 DATABASE_URL="sqlite:///./nuzlocke.db"
 
-# Supabase Auth
+# Supabase Auth (JWKS used for JWT verification)
 SUPABASE_URL=https://your-project.supabase.co
 SUPABASE_ANON_KEY=your-anon-key
-SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=your-jwt-secret

backend/pyproject.toml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "asyncpg==0.31.0",
     "alembic==1.18.4",
     "PyJWT==2.12.1",
+    "cryptography==45.0.3",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]

backend/src/app/core/auth.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from uuid import UUID
 
 import jwt
 from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, Request, status
+from jwt import PyJWKClient, PyJWKClientError
 from sqlalchemy import select
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ from app.core.database import get_session
 from app.models.nuzlocke_run import NuzlockeRun
 from app.models.user import User
 
+_jwks_client: PyJWKClient | None = None
+
 
 @dataclass
 class AuthUser:
@@ -21,6 +24,15 @@ class AuthUser:
     role: str | None = None
 
 
+def _get_jwks_client() -> PyJWKClient | None:
+    """Get or create a cached JWKS client."""
+    global _jwks_client
+    if _jwks_client is None and settings.supabase_url:
+        jwks_url = f"{settings.supabase_url.rstrip('/')}/.well-known/jwks.json"
+        _jwks_client = PyJWKClient(jwks_url, cache_jwk_set=True, lifespan=300)
+    return _jwks_client
+
+
 def _extract_token(request: Request) -> str | None:
     """Extract Bearer token from Authorization header."""
     auth_header = request.headers.get("Authorization")
@@ -33,14 +45,16 @@ def _extract_token(request: Request) -> str | None:
 
 
 def _verify_jwt(token: str) -> dict | None:
-    """Verify JWT against Supabase JWT secret. Returns payload or None."""
+    """Verify JWT using JWKS public key. Returns payload or None."""
-    if not settings.supabase_jwt_secret:
+    client = _get_jwks_client()
+    if not client:
         return None
     try:
+        signing_key = client.get_signing_key_from_jwt(token)
         payload = jwt.decode(
             token,
-            settings.supabase_jwt_secret,
+            signing_key.key,
-            algorithms=["HS256"],
+            algorithms=["RS256"],
             audience="authenticated",
         )
         return payload
@@ -48,6 +62,8 @@ def _verify_jwt(token: str) -> dict | None:
         return None
     except jwt.InvalidTokenError:
         return None
+    except PyJWKClientError:
+        return None
 
 
 def get_current_user(request: Request) -> AuthUser | None:

backend/src/app/core/config.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     # Supabase Auth
     supabase_url: str | None = None
     supabase_anon_key: str | None = None
-    supabase_jwt_secret: str | None = None
 
 
 settings = Settings()

backend/tests/test_auth.py

@@ -1,25 +1,29 @@
 import time
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import jwt
 import pytest
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
 from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
 
 from app.core.auth import AuthUser, get_current_user, require_admin, require_auth
-from app.core.config import settings
 from app.main import app
 from app.models.user import User
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
-def jwt_secret():
+def rsa_key_pair():
-    """Provide a test JWT secret."""
+    """Generate RSA key pair for testing."""
-    return "test-jwt-secret-for-testing-only"
+    private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
+    public_key = private_key.public_key()
+    return private_key, public_key
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def valid_token(jwt_secret):
+def valid_token(rsa_key_pair):
-    """Generate a valid JWT token."""
+    """Generate a valid RS256 JWT token."""
+    private_key, _ = rsa_key_pair
     payload = {
         "sub": "user-123",
         "email": "test@example.com",
@@ -27,12 +31,13 @@ def valid_token(jwt_secret):
         "aud": "authenticated",
         "exp": int(time.time()) + 3600,
     }
-    return jwt.encode(payload, jwt_secret, algorithm="HS256")
+    return jwt.encode(payload, private_key, algorithm="RS256")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def expired_token(jwt_secret):
+def expired_token(rsa_key_pair):
-    """Generate an expired JWT token."""
+    """Generate an expired RS256 JWT token."""
+    private_key, _ = rsa_key_pair
     payload = {
         "sub": "user-123",
         "email": "test@example.com",
@@ -40,12 +45,13 @@ def expired_token(jwt_secret):
         "aud": "authenticated",
         "exp": int(time.time()) - 3600,  # Expired 1 hour ago
     }
-    return jwt.encode(payload, jwt_secret, algorithm="HS256")
+    return jwt.encode(payload, private_key, algorithm="RS256")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def invalid_token():
-    """Generate a token signed with wrong secret."""
+    """Generate a token signed with wrong key."""
+    wrong_key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
     payload = {
         "sub": "user-123",
         "email": "test@example.com",
@@ -53,28 +59,23 @@ def invalid_token():
         "aud": "authenticated",
         "exp": int(time.time()) + 3600,
     }
-    return jwt.encode(payload, "wrong-secret", algorithm="HS256")
+    return jwt.encode(payload, wrong_key, algorithm="RS256")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def auth_client(db_session, jwt_secret, valid_token, monkeypatch):
+def mock_jwks_client(rsa_key_pair):
-    """Client with valid auth token and configured JWT secret."""
+    """Create a mock JWKS client that returns our test public key."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    _, public_key = rsa_key_pair
-
+    mock_client = MagicMock()
-    async def _get_client():
+    mock_signing_key = MagicMock()
-        async with AsyncClient(
+    mock_signing_key.key = public_key
-            transport=ASGITransport(app=app),
+    mock_client.get_signing_key_from_jwt.return_value = mock_signing_key
-            base_url="http://test",
+    return mock_client
-            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {valid_token}"},
-        ) as ac:
-            yield ac
-
-    return _get_client
 
 
-async def test_get_current_user_valid_token(jwt_secret, valid_token, monkeypatch):
+async def test_get_current_user_valid_token(valid_token, mock_jwks_client):
     """Test get_current_user returns user for valid token."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
 
         class MockRequest:
             headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {valid_token}"}
@@ -86,9 +87,9 @@ async def test_get_current_user_valid_token(jwt_secret, valid_token, monkeypatch
         assert user.role == "authenticated"
 
 
-async def test_get_current_user_no_token(jwt_secret, monkeypatch):
+async def test_get_current_user_no_token(mock_jwks_client):
     """Test get_current_user returns None when no token."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
 
         class MockRequest:
             headers = {}
@@ -97,9 +98,9 @@ async def test_get_current_user_no_token(jwt_secret, monkeypatch):
         assert user is None
 
 
-async def test_get_current_user_expired_token(jwt_secret, expired_token, monkeypatch):
+async def test_get_current_user_expired_token(expired_token, mock_jwks_client):
     """Test get_current_user returns None for expired token."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
 
         class MockRequest:
             headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {expired_token}"}
@@ -108,9 +109,9 @@ async def test_get_current_user_expired_token(jwt_secret, expired_token, monkeyp
         assert user is None
 
 
-async def test_get_current_user_invalid_token(jwt_secret, invalid_token, monkeypatch):
+async def test_get_current_user_invalid_token(invalid_token, mock_jwks_client):
     """Test get_current_user returns None for invalid token."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
 
         class MockRequest:
             headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {invalid_token}"}
@@ -119,9 +120,9 @@ async def test_get_current_user_invalid_token(jwt_secret, invalid_token, monkeyp
         assert user is None
 
 
-async def test_get_current_user_malformed_header(jwt_secret, monkeypatch):
+async def test_get_current_user_malformed_header(mock_jwks_client):
     """Test get_current_user returns None for malformed auth header."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
 
         class MockRequest:
             headers = {"Authorization": "NotBearer token"}
@@ -158,11 +159,10 @@ async def test_protected_endpoint_without_token(db_session):
 
 
 async def test_protected_endpoint_with_expired_token(
-    db_session, jwt_secret, expired_token, monkeypatch
+    db_session, expired_token, mock_jwks_client
 ):
     """Test that write endpoint returns 401 with expired token."""
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
-
         async with AsyncClient(
             transport=ASGITransport(app=app),
             base_url="http://test",
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ async def test_require_admin_user_not_in_db(db_session):
 
 
 async def test_admin_endpoint_returns_403_for_non_admin(
-    db_session, jwt_secret, monkeypatch
+    db_session, rsa_key_pair, mock_jwks_client
 ):
     """Test that admin endpoint returns 403 for authenticated non-admin user."""
     user_id = "44444444-4444-4444-4444-444444444444"
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ async def test_admin_endpoint_returns_403_for_non_admin(
     db_session.add(regular_user)
     await db_session.commit()
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    private_key, _ = rsa_key_pair
     token = jwt.encode(
         {
             "sub": user_id,
@@ -252,10 +252,11 @@ async def test_admin_endpoint_returns_403_for_non_admin(
             "aud": "authenticated",
             "exp": int(time.time()) + 3600,
         },
-        jwt_secret,
+        private_key,
-        algorithm="HS256",
+        algorithm="RS256",
     )
 
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
         async with AsyncClient(
             transport=ASGITransport(app=app),
             base_url="http://test",
@@ -275,7 +276,9 @@ async def test_admin_endpoint_returns_403_for_non_admin(
     assert response.json()["detail"] == "Admin access required"
 
 
-async def test_admin_endpoint_succeeds_for_admin(db_session, jwt_secret, monkeypatch):
+async def test_admin_endpoint_succeeds_for_admin(
+    db_session, rsa_key_pair, mock_jwks_client
+):
     """Test that admin endpoint succeeds for authenticated admin user."""
     user_id = "55555555-5555-5555-5555-555555555555"
     admin_user = User(
@@ -286,7 +289,7 @@ async def test_admin_endpoint_succeeds_for_admin(db_session, jwt_secret, monkeyp
     db_session.add(admin_user)
     await db_session.commit()
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "supabase_jwt_secret", jwt_secret)
+    private_key, _ = rsa_key_pair
     token = jwt.encode(
         {
             "sub": user_id,
@@ -295,10 +298,11 @@ async def test_admin_endpoint_succeeds_for_admin(db_session, jwt_secret, monkeyp
             "aud": "authenticated",
             "exp": int(time.time()) + 3600,
         },
-        jwt_secret,
+        private_key,
-        algorithm="HS256",
+        algorithm="RS256",
     )
 
+    with patch("app.core.auth._get_jwks_client", return_value=mock_jwks_client):
         async with AsyncClient(
             transport=ASGITransport(app=app),
             base_url="http://test",

backend/uv.lock

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "alembic" },
     { name = "asyncpg" },
+    { name = "cryptography" },
     { name = "fastapi" },
     { name = "pydantic" },
     { name = "pydantic-settings" },
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ dev = [
 requires-dist = [
     { name = "alembic", specifier = "==1.18.4" },
     { name = "asyncpg", specifier = "==0.31.0" },
+    { name = "cryptography", specifier = "==45.0.3" },
     { name = "fastapi", specifier = "==0.135.1" },
     { name = "httpx", marker = "extra == 'dev'", specifier = "==0.28.1" },
     { name = "pydantic", specifier = "==2.12.5" },
@@ -123,6 +125,39 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cffi"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "pycparser", marker = "implementation_name != 'PyPy'" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/eb/56/b1ba7935a17738ae8453301356628e8147c79dbb825bcbc73dc7401f9846/cffi-2.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:44d1b5909021139fe36001ae048dbdde8214afa20200eda0f64c068cac5d5529", size = 523588, upload-time = "2025-09-08T23:24:04.541Z" }
+wheels = [
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docker-compose.prod.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ services:
     environment:
       - DEBUG=false
       - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:${POSTGRES_PASSWORD}@db:5432/nuzlocke
-      - SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=${SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET}
+      - SUPABASE_URL=${SUPABASE_URL}
     depends_on:
       db:
         condition: service_healthy

docker-compose.yml

@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ services:
     environment:
       - DEBUG=true
       - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres:postgres@db:5432/nuzlocke
-      # Auth - must match GoTrue's JWT secret
+      # Auth - uses JWKS from GoTrue for JWT verification
       - SUPABASE_URL=http://gotrue:9999
-      - SUPABASE_JWT_SECRET=super-secret-jwt-token-with-at-least-32-characters-long
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       db:
         condition: service_healthy